Published, Working Papers, and Projects

Towards win-win: Evidence from commercial dispute resolution in India (joint with Umer Sohail, Sandhya Seetharaman and Raghav Pandey) NEW PAPER

Type: Working Paper, 2025

Courts are central in contract enforcement, and yet we know very little about how they function and their impact in the context of low state capacity. We leverage random assignment of commercial and contractual cases to judges in newly created commercial courts in India to examine the impact of mediation-led settlement on litigating firms profits. The resolution of a case through mutual reconciliation (settlement) rather than a full-length trial is negatively correlated with its duration and its pending status. We estimate a large, positive effect on the profitability of plaintiff firms and negative effects among defendant firms. However, the negative effects among defendants are driven by the timing of suing rather than from settlement. We find suggestive evidence that settlement, in fact, stems the loss, suggesting a Pareto improvement.

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Front-line Courts as State Capacity: Evidence from India

Type: Working Paper, 2025

Front-line courts handle the bulk of legal cases and yet they are severely under-resourced, with potential implications for economic development. Using rich court-level panel data from India, constructed using the universe of legal case records, and an event study research design, I show that an increase in judge staffing levels substantially reduces case backlog in district courts, and subsequently improves the productivity of local formal sector firms. One of the key mechanisms driving these effects is the last mile enforcement of credit contracts, which enables banks to lend more to the industrial sector. Hiring district judges is highly cost-effective. Coverage - Ideas for India, Livemint

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Seeding the Seeds: Role of Social Structure in Agricultural Technology Diffusion (joint with Alain de Janvry and Elisabeth Sadoulet), Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol 236, Aug 2025, 107088, ISSN 0167-2681

Type: Published Paper, 2025

Exploiting a two-stage randomized introduction of flood resistant seeds in rural Odisha, India, we find that the local social structure (the jati caste system) has a significant influence on diffusion of the technology. First, modest overall differences in adoption between treated and control villages is largely explained by the substantial heterogeneity in village-level jati fractionalization. Second, we find immediate diffusion among non-recipient farmers in the same jati groups as the initial, treated recipients and lower diffusion among lower status jatis. These findings highlight the limitations of randomized introduction of technology in a context of weak markets and closed social structures. Link to AEA Trial Registry.

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Got (Clean) Milk?: Organization, Incentives, and Management in Indian Dairy Cooperatives (joint with Ashish Shenoy), Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol 212, Aug 2023, Pages 708-722

Type: Published Paper, 2023

Much smallholder production in developing countries takes place in groups that enforce production norms and mediate internal allocation of surplus. We evaluate incentive contracts for quality upgrading among such production teams. In a randomized experiment with rural Indian dairy cooperatives, we find group incentives improve aggregate quality even when individual quality cannot be traced, with evidence of increased effort from both producers and managers. However, several cooperative managers decline incentive payments when local elites cannot control payment-related information disclosure. Survey evidence suggests disclosure introduces frictions, implying that some efforts to limit elite capture may undermine broader development goals. Link to AEA Trial Registry. Link to Open Access Pub.

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Towns and Rural Land Inequality in India (joint with Juan Eberhard and Prashant Bharadwaj)

Type: Working Paper, 2022

Using the universe of land records from a large state in India, we document three empirical facts on rural land holding inequality at the village-level: 1) inequality is higher close to urban areas and decreases with distance, 2) this is due to fewer medium-sized farms (i.e. more small and large farms near urban areas), and 3) the distance to urban area-land holding inequality relationship depends on the size of the urban area - larger the urban area, greater the inequality close to such towns. A simple model where individual farmers face financial frictions, a U-shaped agriculture production function linking land size and farm productivity, and a significant urban opportunity cost of farm production, explains these patterns. While medium-sized farmers exit agriculture and large farmers consolidate, financial and land market frictions are key factors behind the preponderance of small farms even near towns.

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Creditor Rights and Credit Allocation: Examining Bankruptcy Reforms from the Lens of Local Judicial Capacity

Type: Working Paper, 2022

The efficacy of bankruptcy reforms in strengthening lender rights and credit markets often depends on local enforcement capacity through courts. We analyze national bankruptcy reform in India in 2016 using a triple difference research design, exploiting variation in baseline district-level judge-to-population ratios and firm-level default risk or capital efficiency (marginal revenue product of capital or MRPK). The reform reduced borrowing by high-default-risk firms but did not increase borrowing by high MRPK firms in districts with better judicial capacity relative to those with worse capacity. Consistent with these results, we find negative economic effects among high-default-risk firms and limited positive effects among high MRPK firms, suggesting that such reforms fall short of achieving allocative efficiency.

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Land inequality and rural structural transformation: Evidence from India (with Harrison Mitchell and Frances Lu)

Type: Work in Progress, 2022

A large and primarily theoretical literature explores how wealth inequality interacts with financial frictions in the process of economic growth, with limited attention to landholding distributions. In this paper, we highlight key facts about rural landholding inequality and local structural transformation, and demonstrate the macroeconomic consequences using a dynamic heterogeneous agent model that features frictions in both land and credit markets. We show that these interacting frictions limit the ability of rural landholders to engage in higher productivity irrigated agriculture and non-agricultural entrepreneurship that enable structural transformation. We provide evidence that the distribution of land ownership can systematically determine which localities can productively cultivate land and utilize wealth generated thus for financing non-agricultural enterprises in the long-run.

Whither Justice?: Judicial Capacity Constraints Worsens Trial and Litigants’ Outcomes

Type: Working Paper, 2019

How does judge vacancy affect trial-level and litigant outcomes? Emerging economies like India suffer from state capacity constraints that affect economic outcomes. While insufficiency in the number of public teachers and health-workers in providing human capital development services has received increasing attention in economics, capacity constraints in the judiciary has rarely been discussed. In this paper, I examine the role of judge vacancy on the proceedings of ongoing trials and subsequent effects on litigant outcomes in India. The system of annual judge assignment to district courts shifts the existing high level of vacancies across courts that varies orthogonally to existing trial and litigant outcomes, enabling causal identification. There are following main findings: first, the duration of trial increases when an ongoing trial experiences judge vacancy relative to other trials in the same court that do not. Second, this shock negatively affects wage bill and decreases the asset value of plaintiff firms whereas the effects are smaller and statistically indistinguishable from zero for defendant firms. Third, the large negative effect for plaintiff firms is likely to occur due to increase in the number of dismissals resulting from vacancy. Given that smaller firms are more likely to use the formal judicial system as a plaintiff in the case of transactional disputes relative to larger firms, weaker judicial capacity disproportionately affects them leading to equity concerns.

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Assessing the Impact of Rehabilitating Small Scale Irrigation Reservoirs: A Study in Telangana (joint with Xavier Gine, Aprajit Mahajan and Anup Malani)

Type: Work in Progress, 2019

We evaluate the effects of rehabilitating local village level irrigation tanks on agricultural outcomes using a combination of observational and experimental approaches. Tank irrigation is a common (and climate friendly) mode of irrigation in Southern and Western India, which is based on impounding the surface run-off during rainy season for later use. However, since these are common pool resources, a lack of periodic upkeep had led to excessive silting and therefore, lowered capacity. Mission Kakatiya is a state-wide program in Telangana that aims to rehabilitate over 45000 tanks across the state in multiple phases. We make use of the staggered roll-out of earlier phases to study the impacts and understand the context of implementation in a differences-in-difference framework using a sample of 750 tanks. Further, we validate the findings using an experimental approach where we randomize the order of rehabilitation on a set of 92 tanks. Link to AEA Trial Registry.

The Power of Agency: Evidence from India (joint with Xavier Gine, Aprajit Mahajan, and Anup Malani)

Type: Work in Progress, 2019

Community-driven development (CDD) emphasizes a “bottom-up” approach focusing on community control over planning and implementation decisions to improve development outcomes. We propose to assess the value of community participation in choosing the location and implementation of local infrastructure projects by comparing a participatory “bottom-up” approach to the standard “top-down” planning and implementation where the community only plays a limited role. The context for the study is the construction of minor irrigation channels in the command area of small irrigation tanks in Telangana. The government has recently launched a program to rehabilitate the storage capacity of the tanks but has left the distribution of water from the tank to plots in the command area to the farmers. The research project thus varies the extent of community involvement over the choice and implementation of field channels and assesses its impact on irrigation resource allocation, agricultural outcomes, and continued maintenance. Link to AEA Trial Registry.

Gender Wage Gap in Agricultural Labor Markets in Rural India (joint with Vaishnavi Surendra)

Type: Work in Progress, 2018

We explore the determinants of gender wage gap in the agricultural labor markets in India and examine the role of social norms in perpetuating it. We use multiple approaches to address these questions including analyzing secondary data from ICRISAT VDSA Panel, collecting primary data via surveys to elicit expectations and behavioral parameters to complement the former data source, and finally in a related project, investigate the role gender norms in influencing such behavior perpetuating the wage gap and other labor market outcomes through a lab-in-field experiment.